[CI] Add per-job uv venv isolation and upgrade CI version to Cuda 13 (#23119)

Co-authored-by: Kangyan Zhou <zky314343421@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Co-authored-by: Alison Shao <a.shao@wustl.edu>
Co-authored-by: Mick <mickjagger19@icloud.com>

sgl-kernel/Dockerfile

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 ARG BASE_IMG=pytorch/manylinux2_28-builder
-ARG CUDA_VERSION=12.9
+ARG CUDA_VERSION=13.0
 
 # Dependency stage: install system deps, CMake, ccache, Python deps (including torch)
 FROM ${BASE_IMG}:cuda${CUDA_VERSION} AS deps
 
 # Overridable build arguments
 ARG ARCH=x86_64
-ARG CUDA_VERSION=12.9
+ARG CUDA_VERSION=13.0
 ARG PYTHON_VERSION=3.10
 # Manylinux python path tag, e.g. cp310-cp310 / cp312-cp312
 ARG PYTHON_TAG=cp310-cp310